~ Most search engines default to Boolean AND logic. To create a search that will retrieve Web pages containing all of your search terms, type the words with a space in between them. Example: bears hibernation
~ Include synonyms or alternate spellings in your search statements and connect these words with Boolean OR logic. OR logic will allow you to retrieve documents containing one or more of your search terms. Search engines are not consistent in the way they want an OR search to be typed out (for example, Google requires that OR be capitalized), so it's usually best to fill out the form on the advanced search page and let the search engine do the rest. Example: college OR university
~ For a Boolean NOT search, place a minus sign (-) in front of the word you want to exclude from your search results. Example: apple -computer
To summarize:
These search statements | Will retrieve... |
---|---|
World War I AND World War II |
pages containing both these terms |
World War I OR World War II |
pages containing at least one of these terms |
World War I NOT World War II |
pages containing the term World War I but not also the term World War II |
~ Use the advanced search page when you want to do a focused search. The advanced search page is a good way to limit your results in various ways, including words in the title, date, language, file type, site, etc. The advanced search page is great to try out because it shows you the types of searches the search engine can do for you.
~ If your search results look too general for what you want, try these techniques:
- Add another concept with AND logic
- Use vocabulary that is specific to your topic, e.g., "Honda" rather than "cars"
- Narrow your search to various fields, for example, words in the title, date, site, etc., easy to do on an advanced search page
- Use the Boolean NOT to keep out pages containing words you don't want
- Drop off the least important concept(s) to broaden your subject
- Use more general vocabulary
- Add alternate terms or spellings for individual concepts and connect with the Boolean OR
- Don't use field searching
- If you're not sure how to use a particular search engine, read the Help pages. With just a few minutes of effort, you can be on your way to conducting an effective search.
- Check your spelling.
- Take advantage of capitalization if the search engine is case sensitive. Hint: Google is not case sensitive.
- If your results are not satisfactory, repeat the search using alternative words.
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